Implantations des politiques sociales québécoises de soutien à domicile des aînés : Une analyse critique pour mieux comprendre les enjeux liés au bénévolat
Mots-clés :
Politiques sociales, Soutien à domicile, Personnes aînées, Bénévolat, Organismes à but non lucratifRésumé
Résumé
Les organismes communautaires québécois, acteurs indispensables du soutien à domicile des aînés, éprouvent un problème de recrutement et de fidélisation des bénévoles. Dans un contexte de vieillissement démographique et de reconfiguration de l’État où l’on fait de plus en plus appel au tiers secteur, cette situation est critique. Le fonctionnement de ces organismes repose essentiellement sur l’action bénévole, alors que la pérennité de cette dernière fait l’objet d’une inquiétude croissante. En effet, les Québécois sont historiquement moins susceptibles de s’engager bénévolement que les résidents des autres provinces canadiennes. Le Québec enregistre le taux de bénévolat le plus faible au Canada et il s’agit de la seule province où le nombre moyen d’heures de bénévolat est inférieur à la moyenne nationale.Un engagement bénévole moins élevé au Québec en comparaison aux autres provinces canadiennes s’expliquerait en partie par le régime providentiel de politiques publiques. Or, de quelle façon le contexte sociopolitique influence-t-il l’engagement bénévole dans le domaine du soutien à domicile des aînés au Québec? Pour répondre à cette question, cet article pose un regard critique sur l’implantation de trois politiques sociales et d’un cadre d’orientation qui ont marqué l’histoire du soutien à domicile au Québec, en mettant l’accent sur ce qui concerne les bénévoles et les organismes communautaires œuvrant dans ce domaine. Cette analyse permet ensuite de dégager deux enjeux récurrents, toujours d’actualité et qui ont une influence importante sur l’engagement bénévole : le financement et le partenariat entre les acteurs du soutien à domicile d’aujourd’hui.
Abstract
Quebec community organizations which are indispensable to insure home support for seniors, are experiencing problems with recruitment and retention of volunteers. This is of crucial importance in the context of an aging population and of a restructuration of the State, which relies more and more on the tertiary sector. These organizations’ day to day activities is essentially dependent on the work of volunteers, at a time when its continuity is no longer assured. Indeed, Quebeckers are historically less likely to volunteer than residents from other Canadian provinces and territories. Quebec has the lowest volunteer rates in Canada and is the only province where the average of volunteer hours is below the national one.
A lower rate of volunteerism in Quebec compared to other provinces could be explained by the welfare regime of public policy. What role does the sociopolitical context play in the rate of volunteer engagement for home support for seniors in Quebec? To answer this question, this article focuses a critical lens on the establishment of three social policies and one orientation framework which have marked the history of homecare in Quebec, particularly as it relates to volunteers and community organizations working in this field. This analysis will allow two recurring challenges to emerge, always relevant and which have a significant influence on volunteer engagement: funding and collaboration between stakeholders in home support for seniors today.
Keywords: Social policies; home care; seniors; volunteerism; non-profit organizations
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